A brief summary of the elements explained below:

1. Paper structure
2. Section elements
3. Element Rules
   • Tables
   • Figures
   • Units
   • Citations
   • Abbreviations
   • References

1. Paper Structure

Your paper should consist of the following four general sections:

Numeration	Headings
1	Introduction
2	Materials and Methods
3	Results and Discussion
4	Conclusions
5	References

2. Section Elements

(What elements go into each section)

Paper headings	What it should contain?
1. Introduction (font Arial 11)	Explain why this is an interesting or important question/s (research)? What was the aim of the research? Describe the approach used in sufficient detail (so that a reader who is not familiar with the research or technique will understand what was done and why). Introduce the question/s tested by the experiments described in the paper. Text in Arial font 10.
2. Materials and Methods (font Arial 11)	This section should contain a description of the materials used and methods employed in a form which makes the results reproducible, but without a detailed description of already-known methods. Text in Arial font 10. Important notes The details of a published protocol do not need to be reproduced in the text, but an appropriate reference should be cited — e.g., simply indicate “as described by Timperley et al. [4]”. Any changes from the published protocol should be described. Do not quote or cite your laboratory manual! If applicable, provide a brief description of statistical tests you have used (statistics are methods!)
3. Results and Discussion (font Arial 11)	Results Summarize the data collected and, if applicable, their statistical treatment (include only relevant data, but give sufficient detail to justify your conclusions). Use equations, figures, and tables only where necessary for clarity and brevity. Before using equations, figures, and tables, announce them in the text above. (Example: …as can be seen in Figure 1, calculated by following an equation (1), displayed in Table 1, etc.) Text in Arial font 10. Discussion The purpose of the discussion is to interpret the results of your research. Be objective; point out the features and limitations of the work. Relate and compare your results to current knowledge in the field and to your original purpose in undertaking the study: Have you resolved the problem? What exactly have you contributed? Briefly state the logical implications of your results. Suggest further study or applications if warranted. Text in Arial font 10.
Acknowledgement (if applicable) (font Arial 11)	Advice or other kinds of assistance (funding, thinking up, designing, or carrying out the work) can be included in this section. Text in Arial font 10. Important notes: Authors always acknowledge outside reviewers of their drafts and any sources of funding that supported the research. Acknowledgments are always brief and never flowery.
4. Conclusions (font Arial 11)	The purpose of the Conclusions section is to put the interpretation into the context of the original problem; it has to be brief. Your conclusions should be based on the evidence presented. Summarize your major points succinctly. Point out the significance of your results and discuss the open questions that remain in the area and future directions. Text in Arial font 10. Important notes: Do not include irrelevant material.
5. References (font Arial 11) (Literature cited)	Literature references should be numbered and listed in order of citation in the text. In the text, enclose reference numbers in square brackets, e.g. [1], [2], [3] … etc. They should be selective rather than extensive. Text in Arial font 9. Important notes: Avoid references to works that have not been peer-reviewed. Avoid using endnotes or footers.

3. Element Rules

Tables

If applicable, you should present Table/s in your manuscript. The Tables have to be cited in the text consecutively. Always write text announcing the Table before it is presented.

Example 1 — In order to prevent the growth of Legionella spp. different hot and cold-water temperatures are required (Table 1). Example 2 — In Table 2 is presented …

• Each table needs a short descriptive title above it (Arial font size 9, bold) and should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals.
• Table column headings should clearly define the data presented.
• If necessary, suitably identified footnotes (font Arial size 8) should be typed below the Table and should be referred to by superscript lowercase letter.

Table example (with footnote)

Table 1. Water temperatures required in hot and cold-water systems in order to prevent the growth of Legionella spp.

Water system	Safe operating temperature
Hot water storage (calorifier)	At least 60 °C
Hot water distribution	At least 50 °C
Cold water storage and distribution	20 °C or below*

*Impossible in the tropics and very difficult elsewhere in the summer months. The first objective must always be to keep the system clean and to avoid water stagnation.

Important notes:

• If applicable, take care to include all units of measurement.

Figures

Figures (photographs, illustrations, diagrams and schemes) need to be cited in the text consecutively. Write text announcing the Figure before it is presented.

Example 1 — Taking a lubrication survey is a must (Figure 1). Example 2 — In Figure 2 is shown …

• Figures should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals in order to which they are referred.
• Make sure that the Figure caption (text explaining the figure) is included after the figure or image (below it).
• Each figure or group of figures should be planned to fit, after appropriate reduction, into the area of either one or two columns of text. The maximum finished size of a Figure is 8.0 cm width. Be careful about the details which should be visible at this given size.
• Figures should also be sent in electronic form as TIFF or JPG files with a minimum of 300 dpi or higher resolution.

Units

The SI (Système Internationale d’Unites) for quantities and units should be used throughout the whole text. If nomenclature is specialized, a nomenclature section should be included at the end of the manuscript, giving definitions and dimensions for all terms.

The names of chemical substances should be in accordance with the Système Internationale d’Unités (SI). The results of elemental analyses of organic compounds should be given in the following form:

• Anal. C₁₂H₁₆O (176.26).
• Calc’d: C 81.77; H 9.15; O 9.08 %.
• Found: C 81.63; H 9.36; O 9.01 %.

When a large number of compounds have been analyzed, the results should be given in tabular form.

The names of microorganisms should be given in italic lettering. Microorganisms are named using binomial nomenclature (viruses are exceptions).

Binomial nomenclature employs the names of the two lower-level taxa, genus and species, to name a species. Conventions when using binomial nomenclature include:

• Genus comes before species (e.g., Escherichia coli).
• Genus name is always capitalized (e.g., Escherichia).
• Species name is never capitalized (e.g., coli).
• Both names are always italicized (e.g., Escherichia coli).
• The genus name may be abbreviated but only used in conjunction with the species name (i.e., E. coli).

When naming a microorganism strain, the genus name comes first, species name second, and strain name last, and never capitalized. Everything should be italicized except the prefix “subsp.” (e.g. L. lactis subsp. lactis).

Citations

It is essential to credit published papers for work mentioned in your manuscript.

When citing in the text, only the surname of one or two authors may be given (example: Wirtanen and Raaska, [6]), whereas in the case of more than two authors, only the name of the first author followed by et al. should be quoted (example: Lelieveld et al., [2]).

Important notes:

• In-text citations should refer to the reference list.
• Do not rewrite the title of references in the text.

Abbreviations

• Use standard abbreviations (e.g. h, min, sec, etc.) instead of writing complete words.
• Define all other abbreviations the first time they are used, and then subsequently use only the abbreviation [e.g. Ampicillin resistant (AmpR)].
• As a general rule, do not use an abbreviation unless a term is used at least three times in the manuscript.
• With two exceptions (the degree symbol — e.g. 10 °C — and the percent symbol — e.g. 1%), a space should be left between numbers and the accompanying unit (e.g. 1 cm).
• When a fraction is used, there is no space between the numerator and denominator (ex.: mg/L).
• For litre, the abbreviation L is used, not l (e.g. 1 L, 1 mL etc.).
• In general, abbreviations should not be written in the plural form (e.g. 1 mL or 5 mL, not mLs).

References

Literature references should be written in font Arial 9 and:

1. Numbered with Arabic numerals in square brackets, and
2. Listed in order of citation in the text.
3. Authors’ or Editors’ names should be written in the following manner: Last name — full, Middle Name (if applicable) — only the first letter, First name — only the first letter.
4. Please don’t use a first-line indent or hanging paragraph when writing References.

You should write all authors and/or Editors (don’t use et al. in References).

Example:

[1] Sivaprakasam S., Gurav A., Paschall A. V., Coe G. L., Chaudhary K., Cai Y., Kolhe R., Martin P., Browning D., Huang L., Shi H., Sifuentes H., Vijay-Kumar M., Thompson S. A., Munn D. H., Mellor A., McGaha T. L., Shiao P., Cutler C. W., Liu K., Ganapathy V., Li H., Singh N. (2016). An essential role of Ffar2 (Gpr43) in dietary fibre-mediated promotion of healthy composition of gut microbiota and suppression of intestinal carcinogenesis. Oncogenesis, 5, (6), pp. 238.

If the titles are in languages other than English, provide a bracketed note after the title indicating the source language.

Example:

Weinstein A. V., Kauhova E. I. (2010). Two-phase extraction in the preparation of medicinal and cosmetic products (in Russian). Prospect of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia, pp. 104.

As help for authors who have to translate from Cyrillic to Latin wording, please use the Transliteration table.

Titles should always be written in italic.

[1] Youssef M. K., Barbut S. (2010). Physicochemical Effects of the Lipid Phase and Protein Level on Meat Emulsion Stability, Texture, and Microstructure. Journal of Food Science, 75, (2), pp. 108-114.

References should be cited as follows:

Books/Manuals:

[1] Lelieveld M. L. H., Mostert A. M., Holah J. (Eds). (2005). Handbook on hygiene control in the food industry. Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Cambridge, UK. [2] Chum H., Baizer M. (1985). The Electrochemistry of Biomass and Derived Materials. ACS Monograph 183, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, USA, pp. 134-157.

Book Chapters:

[1] Timperley D. A., Lawson G. B. (1979). Test rigs for evaluation of hygiene in plant design. In: Jowitt R. (Ed.), Hygienic design and operation of food plant, Ellis Horwood Publishers, Chichester, UK, pp. 79-106.

Journals:

[1] Graßhof A. (1980). Studies on the flow behaviour of fluids in cylindrical dead spaces in pipeline systems. Kieler Milchwirtschaftliche Forschungsberichte, 32, (4), pp. 273-298.

Scientific Meetings:

[1] Wirtanen G., Raaska L. (2005). Food safety regulations, standards and guidelines in Europe. 36th R3-Nordic Symposium & 5th European Patenteral Conference Proceedings, Linköping, Sweden, pp. 151-160.

Standards/Documents:

[1] DIN. (1998). DIN 11851: Fittings for the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industry – Stainless steel screwed pipe connections – Design for rolling in and welding-on (in German). Deutsches Institut für Normung, Berlin-Tiergarten, Germany. [2] EHEDG. (2004). EHEDG Doc. No. 2: A method for the assessment of in-place cleanability of food processing equipment (3rd Ed.). European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Laws/Regulations/Rulebooks:

[1] Republic of Macedonia Government. (2010). Law on Food Safety. Official Gazette, 157/10. [2] European Parliament and Council. (2004). Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 on the Hygiene of Foodstuffs. O. J. L 139/1. [3] Republic of Macedonia Food Safety Agency. (2010). Rulebook on Nutritional and Health Claims for Commercial Purposes in Food labelling, Presentation and Advertising. Official Gazette, 65/13.

Online Citation:

For web references, as a minimum, the full URL and the date when the citation was accessed should be given. Any further information, if available (author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.) should also be given.

When a paper has a DOI, you can also use it in the reference, providing that the full DOI number is given, along with the date the paper was accessed.

Examples:

[1] Jensen B. B. B., Friis A. (2003). Critical wall shear stress for the EHEDG test method. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 43. Accessed 16 July 2004. [2] Walrand S. (2018). Dietary supplement intake among the elderly: Hazards and benefits. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000512. Accessed 20 June 2019.